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A satellite image of circular fields characteristic of center pivot irrigation, Kansas Farmland with circular pivot irrigation. Center-pivot irrigation (sometimes called central pivot irrigation), also called water-wheel and circle irrigation, is a method of crop irrigation in which equipment rotates around a pivot and crops are watered with sprinklers.
Raising fish in cages in a lake in a relatively undeveloped environment. Urban aquaculture employs water-based systems, the most common, which mostly use cages and pens; land-based systems, which make use of ponds, tanks and raceways; recirculating systems are usually high control enclosed systems, [clarification needed] whereas irrigation is used for livestock fish.
By 2012, the area of irrigated land had increased to an estimated total of 3,242,917 km 2 (801 million acres), which is nearly the size of India. [3] The irrigation of 20% of farming land accounts for the production of 40% of food production. [4] [5]
Fish farming or pisciculture involves commercial breeding of fish, most often for food, in fish tanks or artificial enclosures such as fish ponds. It is a particular type of aquaculture , which is the controlled cultivation and harvesting of aquatic animals such as fish, crustaceans , molluscs and so on, in natural or pseudo-natural environments.
Another large system of canals in Texas is located on the Colorado River (not connected to the other Colorado River) in the Gulf Coast region. The canal network of 1,100 miles (1,800 km) is managed by the Lower Colorado River Authority (LCRA) and provides water to farm a region with inadequate and unreliable rainfall. Texas produces 7% of the ...
Design of a rice-fish system with channels. A: Before harvest B: After harvest C: Re-flooding. Rice-fish systems are polycultures based on the potential for mutual benefit. To put this into practice, channels are added in the previously flat rice fields to allow the fish to continue growing even during rice harvest and dry seasons. [3] [9]
The treatment of waste water issuing from raceway farms is a major concern. Fish fecal matter and uneaten feed are typically the major elements of solid waste produced in raceway aquaculture farms. These can adversely impact the environment in the receiving water body.
The aquaculture or farming of piscivorous fish, like salmon, does not help the problem because they need to eat products from other fish, such as fish meal and fish oil. Studies have shown that salmon farming has major negative impacts on wild salmon, as well as the forage fish that need to be caught to feed them.