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Most outpatient cases are due to primary hyperparathyroidism and inpatient cases due to cancer. [1] Other causes of hypercalcemia include sarcoidosis, tuberculosis, Paget disease, multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN), vitamin D toxicity, familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia and certain medications such as lithium and hydrochlorothiazide.
Primary treatment of hypercalcemia consists of administering IV fluids. [3] If the hypercalcemia is severe and/or associated with cancer, it may be treated with bisphosphonates. [3] [14] For very severe cases, hemodialysis may be considered for rapid removal of calcium from the blood. [3] [14]
The measurement properties of ECG changes in predicting hyperkalemia are not known. [6] Pseudohyperkalemia, due to breakdown of cells during or after taking the blood sample, should be ruled out. [1] [2] Initial treatment in those with ECG changes is salts, such as calcium gluconate or calcium chloride.
The treatment for hypertension will depend on how high your blood pressure is and what’s causing it. For example, elevated blood pressure and hypertension stage 1 may require some lifestyle changes.
Based on physical symptoms, laboratory findings, ECG, and X-ray (to exclude other causes of hypercalcemia). Differential diagnosis: Other disorders that can cause hypercalcemia such as: hyperparathyroidism, malignancies, hyperthyroidism, sarcoidosis, and other malignancies. Prevention
Left ventricular hypertrophy. Hypertensive heart disease is the result of structural and functional adaptations [18] leading to left ventricular hypertrophy, [19] [20] [21] diastolic dysfunction, [18] [20] CHF (Congestive Heart Failure), abnormalities of blood flow due to atherosclerotic coronary artery disease [18] and microvascular disease, [10] [19] and cardiac arrhythmias. [19]
The symptoms and signs of hypertensive heart disease will depend on whether or not it is accompanied by heart failure. In the absence of heart failure, hypertension, with or without enlargement of the heart (left ventricular hypertrophy) is usually symptomless. [citation needed] Symptoms, signs and consequences of congestive heart failure can ...
Chest pain due to coronary ischemia commonly radiates to the arm or neck. [7] Certain individuals such as women, diabetics, and the elderly may present with more varied symptoms. [ 8 ] If blood flow through the coronary arteries is stopped completely, cardiac muscle cells may die, known as a myocardial infarction, or heart attack.