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(S,S)-(+)-Ethambutol is powerful and selective antitubercular drug.It is a typical example of an old drug that was introduced for clinical use in its unichiral form. . Ethambutol contains two constitutionally symmetrical chiral centers in its structure and exists in three stereoisomeric forms, the enantiomeric pair (+)-(S,S)- and (−)-(R,R)-ethambutol, along with the achiral stereoisomer called m
Ethambutol enantiomers The antitubercular agent Ethambutol contains two constitutionally symmetrical stereogenic centers in its structure and exists in three stereoisomeric forms. An enantiomeric pair (S,S)- and (R,R)-ethambutol, along with the achiral stereoisomer called meso -form, it holds a diastereomeric relationship with the optically ...
However, the enantiomers are converted into each other in vivo. [18] As a result, dosing with a single-enantiomer form of the drug will still lead to both the enantiomers eventually being present in the patient's serum and thus would not prevent adverse effects—at best, it might reduce them if the rate of in vivo conversion can be slowed. [19]
In biochemistry, denaturation is a process in which proteins or nucleic acids lose folded structure present in their native state due to various factors, including application of some external stress or compound, such as a strong acid or base, a concentrated inorganic salt, an organic solvent (e.g., alcohol or chloroform), agitation and radiation, or heat. [3]
Management of tuberculosis refers to techniques and procedures utilized for treating tuberculosis (TB), or simply a treatment plan for TB.. The medical standard for active TB is a short course treatment involving a combination of isoniazid, rifampicin (also known as Rifampin), pyrazinamide, and ethambutol for the first two months.
Animal-derived foods that are high in fat and protein are generally AGE-rich and are prone to further AGE formation during cooking. [3] However, only low molecular weight AGEs are absorbed through diet, and vegetarians have been found to have higher concentrations of overall AGEs compared to non-vegetarians. [ 4 ]
Ethionamide is well absorbed orally with or without food, but is often administered with food to improve tolerance. [8] [9] It crosses the blood brain barrier to achieve concentrations in the cerebral-spinal fluid equivalent to plasma. [9] The antimicrobial spectrum of ethionamide includes M. tuberculosis, M. bovis and M. smegmatis. [10]
Potassium sodium tartrate tetrahydrate, also known as Rochelle salt, is a double salt of tartaric acid first prepared (in about 1675) by an apothecary, Pierre Seignette, of La Rochelle, France. Potassium sodium tartrate and monopotassium phosphate were the first materials discovered to exhibit piezoelectricity . [ 3 ]