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The formulas involved can be complex and in some cases, such as in the ECEF to geodetic conversion above, the conversion has no closed-form solution and approximate methods must be used. References such as the DMA Technical Manual 8358.1 [15] and the USGS paper Map Projections: A Working Manual [16] contain formulas for conversion of map ...
Difference in longitude of the points on the auxiliary sphere; α 1, α 2: forward azimuths at the points; α: forward azimuth of the geodesic at the equator, if it were extended that far; s: ellipsoidal distance between the two points; σ: angular separation between points: σ 1: angular separation between the point and the equator: σ m
United MileagePlus cards. A frequent-flyer programme (FFP) is a loyalty program offered by an airline.. Many airlines have frequent-flyer programmes designed to encourage airline customers enrolled in the programme to accumulate points (also called miles, kilometres, or segments) which may then be redeemed for air travel or other rewards.
The haversine formula determines the great-circle distance between two points on a sphere given their longitudes and latitudes. Important in navigation , it is a special case of a more general formula in spherical trigonometry , the law of haversines , that relates the sides and angles of spherical triangles.
By {{Convert}} default, the conversion result will be rounded either to precision comparable to that of the input value (the number of digits after the decimal point—or the negative of the number of non-significant zeroes before the point—is increased by one if the conversion is a multiplication by a number between 0.02 and 0.2, remains the ...
used only for events shorter than 200 miles between 1981 and 1982 [1] 20 16 14 12 10 8 6 5 4 3 2 1 - - - - - - - - 1986: 2001: American Racing Series / Indy Lights: 1 additional bonus point for pole position and most led laps 1999: 2002: Formula Atlantic: 1 additional bonus point for pole position and most led laps 1984: 1985: Deutsche ...
is a simple IDW weighting function, as defined by Shepard, [3] x denotes an interpolated (arbitrary) point, x i is an interpolating (known) point, is a given distance (metric operator) from the known point x i to the unknown point x, N is the total number of known points used in interpolation and is a positive real number, called the power ...