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A 2013 meta-analysis concluded that every use of birth control pills is associated with a modest increase in the risk of breast cancer (relative risk 1.08) and a reduced risk of colorectal cancer (relative risk 0.86) and endometrial cancer (relative risk 0.57). Cervical cancer risk in those infected with HPV is increased. [124]
Combined hormonal contraception (CHC), or combined birth control, is a form of hormonal contraception which combines both an estrogen and a progestogen in varying formulations. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The different types available include the pill , the patch and the vaginal ring , which are all widely available, [ 3 ] and an injection , which is available ...
“This risk found in this study is similar to other studies that have found a slightly increased risk of breast cancer diagnoses in current or recent combined oral contraceptive pill users ...
There is a mixed effect of combined hormonal contraceptives on the rates of various cancers, with the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) stating: "It was concluded that, if the reported association was causal, the excess risk for breast cancer associated with typical patterns of current use of combined oral contraceptives was ...
Moreover, breast cancer risk is heightened following use of the combined oral contraceptive pill and combined hormone replacement therapy. [4] Armed with this evidence that endogenous and exogenous changes in estrogen and progesterone levels modulate the risk of breast cancer, it is apparent that hormones can play a key role in breast cancer.
Progestogen-only birth control is not generally associated with a higher risk of breast cancer. [70] Conversely, combined birth control and menopausal hormone therapy with an estrogen and a progestogen are associated with higher risks of breast cancer. [71] [70] [72]
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