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Monocytosis is an increase in the number of monocytes circulating in the blood. [1] Monocytes are white blood cells that give rise to macrophages and dendritic cells in the immune system. In humans, monocytosis occurs when there is a sustained rise in monocyte counts greater than 800/mm 3 to 1000/mm 3 .
CCL17 was the first CC chemokine identified that interacted with T cells with high affinity. [7] CCL17 was also found to interact with monocytes, but with less affinity. It does not interact with granulocytes. [7] It acts as a powerful chemoattractant to T-helper cells and T-regulatory cells because both can express CCR4. [7] [6]
Monocyte distribution width (MDW) is a cytometry-based parameter that measures the range of variation of monocytes. If the parameter is available, it is reported as part of the standard complete blood count (CBC) with differential. [1] The parameter was FDA cleared as an early sepsis indicator for ER patients in 2019 for Beckman Coulter. [2] [3]
The white blood cell differential is a common blood test that is often ordered alongside a complete blood count.The test may be performed as part of a routine medical examination; to investigate certain symptoms, particularly those suggestive of infection or hematological disorders; [5] [6] or to monitor existing conditions, such as blood disorders and inflammatory diseases.
The image on the left shows a monocyte actively phagocytizing an antibody-sensitized red blood cell. The image on the right shows multiple RBC that have been phagocytized by a single monocyte. The monocyte monolayer assay (MMA) is used to determine the clinical significance of alloantibodies produced by blood transfusion recipients. [1]
In infections during pregnancy, the mother usually survives. Reports of successful treatment with parenteral penicillin or ampicillin exist. [44] Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole has been shown effective in patients allergic to penicillin. [44] A bacteriophage, Listeria phage P100, has been proposed as food additive to control L. monocytogenes. [45]
Cell-free DNA can be used the determine the Rh antigen of the fetus when the mother is Rh negative. Blood is taken from the mother during the pregnancy, and using PCR, can detect the K, C, c, D, and E alleles of fetal DNA. This blood test is non-invasive to the fetus and is an easy way of checking antigen status and risk of HDN.
Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 9 (CXCL9) is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family that is also known as monokine induced by gamma interferon (MIG). The CXCL9 is one of the chemokine which plays role to induce chemotaxis, promote differentiation and multiplication of leukocytes, and cause tissue extravasation.