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[14] [15] The reason is that caste discrimination was not a well-known phenomenon when the laws were written. [2] It has come to light only in recent times due to recent reports of discrimination. [16] [17] The California law bars discrimination on the basis on ancestry. Dalit lawyers believe that caste discrimination is covered under it. [18]
The evolution of the lower caste and tribe into the modern-day Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe is complex. The caste system as a stratification of classes in India originated about 2,000 years ago, and has been influenced by dynasties and ruling elites, including the Mughal Empire and the British Raj.
Each broad caste level is a hierarchical order that is based on notions of purity, non-purity and impurity. It uses the concepts of defilement to limit contacts between caste categories and to preserve the purity of the upper castes. These caste categories have been exclusionary, endogamous and the social identity inherited. [84]
1 largely Hindu community with a small Muslim minority; 2 The Suthar include a small Muslim minority. 3 The Bharbhunja include a small Muslim minority. 4 The Chhipa are Muslim. 5 The Ghosi are Muslim. 6 The Gujjar are only partly Muslim. 7 Only Muslim Bhangis such as the Hela are in the OBC list; the Hindu sections have Scheduled Caste status.
Scheduled Castes (SCs) are officially designated groups of people and among the most disadvantaged socio-economic groups. [7] [8] Scheduled Castes are given reservation status guaranteeing political representation, preference in promotion, quota in universities, free and stipended education, scholarships, banking services, various government schemes.
Socio-Economic Survey of Kerala 1968: In 1968, the Communist government under E. M. S. Namboodiripad ordered a socio-economic survey of each resident in the state of Kerala, to assess caste inequalities. Until the census of 2011, this survey was the only caste-based count conducted in post-independence India.
According to Hart, it may be this model that provided the concerns with "pollution" of the members of low status groups. The Hart model for caste origin, writes Samuel, envisions "the ancient Indian society consisting of a majority without internal caste divisions and a minority consisting of a number of small occupationally polluted groups". [73]
Mahar is an Indian caste found largely in the state of Maharashtra and neighbouring areas. [11] [12] Most of the Mahar community followed B. R. Ambedkar in converting to Buddhism in the middle of the 20th century. [13] [14] As of 2017 the Mahar caste was designated as a Scheduled Caste in 16 Indian states.