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Before the bus boycott, Jim Crow laws mandated the racial segregation of the Montgomery Bus Line. As a result of this segregation, African Americans were not hired as drivers, were forced to ride in the back of the bus, and were frequently ordered to surrender their seats to white people even though black passengers made up 75% of the bus system's riders. [2]
Bus driver defied by Rosa Parks after he ordered her to give up her seat – eventually leading to the Montgomery bus boycott James Frederick Blake (April 14, 1912 – March 21, 2002) was an American bus driver in Montgomery, Alabama , whom Rosa Parks defied in 1955, prompting the Montgomery bus boycott .
They were found guilty and fined $5 each ($99.48 in today's money (2021)) [14] [15] Shortly after, Fox filed a charge of assault and battery against the streetcar company in federal court, claiming that separate seating policies based on race were unlawful and the driver's actions were therefore improper. A jury found the company rules to be ...
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The Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) was an organization formed on December 5, 1955 by black ministers and community leaders in Montgomery, Alabama.Under the leadership of Ralph Abernathy, Martin Luther King Jr. and Edgar Nixon, the MIA was instrumental in guiding the Montgomery bus boycott by setting up the car pool system that would sustain the boycott, negotiating settlements with ...
Bethel Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama, is the birthplace of the modern civil rights movement—and still inspires the local community today. Why Historic Bethel Baptist Church Needs Saving ...
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