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The Cox maze procedure, also known as maze procedure, is a type of heart surgery for atrial fibrillation. "Maze" refers to the series of incisions arranged in a maze -like pattern in the atria . Today, various methods of minimally invasive maze procedures, collectively named minimaze procedures , are used.
In reality, this method is rarely used due to the difficulty of collecting and analysing the gas concentrations. However, by using an assumed value for oxygen consumption, cardiac output can be closely approximated without the cumbersome and time-consuming oxygen consumption measurement. This is sometimes called an assumed Fick determination.
The Van 't Hoff equation allows calculation that oxygen consumption will drop by 50% for every 10 °C reduction in temperature. This Q 10 effect combined with a chemical cardiac arrest can reduce myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO 2) by 97%. [7] Cold cardioplegia is given into the heart through the aortic root.
The test score is the time taken on the test, in minutes. This can also be converted to an estimated maximal oxygen uptake score using the calculator below and the following formulas, where the value "T" is the total time completed (expressed in minutes and fractions of a minute e.g. 9 minutes 15 seconds = 9.25 minutes).
The first uses a cardiopulmonary bypass machine, a machine which takes over the functions of the heart and lungs during surgery by circulating blood and oxygen. With the heart in cardioplegic arrest , harvested arteries and veins are used to connect across problematic regions—a construction known as surgical anastomosis .
Atrial fibrillation is associated with an increased risk of heart failure, dementia, and stroke. [3] [12] It is a type of supraventricular tachycardia. [14] Atrial fibrillation frequently results from bursts of tachycardia that originate in muscle bundles extending from the atrium to the pulmonary veins. [15]
The test is also common in sport science for measuring athletes' maximal oxygen consumption, V̇O 2 max. [9] In 2016, the American Heart Association published an official scientific statement advocating that cardiorespiratory fitness , quantifiable as V̇O 2 max and measured during a cardiopulmonary exercise test, be categorized as a clinical ...
In Europe and North America, as of 2014, atrial fibrillation affects about 2% to 3% of the population. [50] Atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter resulted in 112,000 deaths in 2013, up from 29,000 in 1990. [26] Sudden cardiac death is the cause of about half of deaths due to cardiovascular disease or about 15% of all deaths globally. [51]
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