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The French Revolution (French: Révolution française [ʁevɔlysjɔ̃ fʁɑ̃sɛːz]) was a period of political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789, and ended with the coup of 18 Brumaire in November 1799 and the formation of the French Consulate.
For centuries, the French society was divided into three estates or orders. The first estate, the highest class, consisted of clergy. The second estate consisted of the nobility. The third estate consisted of the commoners. It included businessmen, merchants, court officials, lawyers, peasants, landless labourers and servants.
The French Revolution had a major impact on Europe and the New World. Historians widely regard the Revolution as one of the most important events in European history. [1] [2] [3] In the short-term, France lost thousands of its countrymen in the form of émigrés, or emigrants who wished to escape political tensions and save their lives.
The French Revolution of 1789 and Its Impact. Greenwood. ISBN 978-0-313-29339-9. Soboul, Albert (1975). The French Revolution, 1787-1799: From the Storming of the Bastille to Napoleon. Random House. ISBN 978-0-394-47392-5. von Guttner, Darius (2015). The French Revolution. Nelson Modern History. Melbourne: Nelson Cengage. ISBN 9780170243995.
The first page of Qu'est-ce que le Tiers Etat?. Qu'est-ce que le Tiers-État? (transl. What Is the Third Estate?) is an influential political pamphlet published in January 1789, shortly before the outbreak of the French Revolution, by the French writer and clergyman Abbé Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès (1748–1836). [1]
During the French Revolution, the National Assembly (French: Assemblée nationale), which existed from 17 June 1789 to 9 July 1789, [1] was a revolutionary assembly of the Kingdom of France formed by the representatives of the Third Estate (commoners) of the Estates-General and eventually joined by some members of the First and Second Estates.
July 9: The French support the formation of the Cisalpine Republic, composed of the former Cispadane Republic and Lombardy. July 16: Conflict within the Directory between Barthélemy and Carnot, favorable to the monarchists, and the three pro-republican directors, Barras, La Révellière-Lépeaux, and Rewbell.
The women's march was a signal event of the French Revolution, with an effect on par with the fall of the Bastille. [68] For posterity, the march is emblematic of the power of popular movements. The occupation of the deputies' benches in the Assembly created a template for the future, ushering in the mob rule that would frequently influence ...