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The speed of light in vacuum, commonly denoted c, is a universal physical constant that is exactly equal to 299,792,458 metres per second (approximately 300,000 kilometres per second; 186,000 miles per second; 671 million miles per hour).
In gravitationally bound systems, the orbital speed of an astronomical body or object (e.g. planet, moon, artificial satellite, spacecraft, or star) is the speed at which it orbits around either the barycenter (the combined center of mass) or, if one body is much more massive than the other bodies of the system combined, its speed relative to the center of mass of the most massive body.
In the diagram, the varying distance of Mercury to the Sun is represented by the size of the planet, which is inversely proportional to Mercury's distance from the Sun. This varying distance to the Sun leads to Mercury's surface being flexed by tidal bulges raised by the Sun that are about 17 times stronger than the Moon's on Earth. [110]
Since this value is close to zero, the center of the orbit is relatively close to the center of the Sun (relative to the size of the orbit). As seen from Earth, the planet's orbital prograde motion makes the Sun appear to move with respect to other stars at a rate of about 1° eastward per solar day (or a Sun or Moon diameter every 12 hours).
It is defined as the distance that light travels in free space in one second, and is equal to exactly 299 792 458 m (approximately 983 571 055 ft or 186 282 miles). Just as the second forms the basis for other units of time, the light-second can form the basis for other units of length, ranging from the light-nanosecond (299.8 mm or just under ...
Due to the proximity of Mercury to the Sun, Mercury on average receives an energy flux from the Sun that is about 7 times the solar constant, but may reach nearly 11 times at maximum and about 4.5 times at minimum. The Sun will have an angular diameter of 1.733 to 1.142°.
The angular speed of Earth's rotation in inertial space is (7.292 115 0 ± 0.000 000 1) × 10 ^ −5 radians per SI second. [ 35 ] [ n 4 ] Multiplying by (180°/π radians) × (86,400 seconds/day) yields 360.985 6 °/day , indicating that Earth rotates more than 360 degrees relative to the fixed stars in one solar day.
Speed of International Space Station and typical speed of other satellites such as the Space Shuttle in low Earth orbit. 7,777: 28,000: 17,400: 2.594 × 10 −5: Speed of propagation of the explosion in a detonating cord. 10 4: 10,600 38,160 23,713.65 0.00004 Speed of propagation of the explosion of Octanitrocubane (ONC). 11,107: 39,985.2: ...