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Cylinder sets are often used to define a measure, using the Kolmogorov extension theorem; for example, the measure of a cylinder set of length m might be given by 1/m or by 1/2 m. Cylinder sets may be used to define a metric on the space: for example, one says that two strings are ε-close if a fraction 1−ε of the letters in the strings match.
An example of a measure on the real line with its usual topology that is not outer regular is the measure where () =, ({}) =, and () = for any other set .; The Borel measure on the plane that assigns to any Borel set the sum of the (1-dimensional) measures of its horizontal sections is inner regular but not outer regular, as every non-empty open set has infinite measure.
For a product space, the cylinder σ-algebra is the one that is generated by cylinder sets. In the context of a Banach space X , {\displaystyle X,} the cylindrical σ-algebra A ( X , X ′ ) {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {A}}(X,X')} is defined to be the coarsest σ-algebra (that is, the one with the fewest measurable sets) such that every ...
An example is the Gaussian cylinder set measure on Hilbert space. Cylinder set measures are in general not measures (and in particular need not be countably additive but only finitely additive ), but can be used to define measures, such as the classical Wiener measure on the set of continuous paths starting at the origin in Euclidean space .
MapReduce is a programming model and an associated implementation for processing and generating big data sets with a parallel and distributed algorithm on a cluster. [1] [2] [3]A MapReduce program is composed of a map procedure, which performs filtering and sorting (such as sorting students by first name into queues, one queue for each name), and a reduce method, which performs a summary ...
In measure theory, Carathéodory's extension theorem (named after the mathematician Constantin Carathéodory) states that any pre-measure defined on a given ring of subsets R of a given set Ω can be extended to a measure on the σ-ring generated by R, and this extension is unique if the pre-measure is σ-finite.
The generation of a bicylinder Calculating the volume of a bicylinder. A bicylinder generated by two cylinders with radius r has the volume =, and the surface area [1] [6] =.. The upper half of a bicylinder is the square case of a domical vault, a dome-shaped solid based on any convex polygon whose cross-sections are similar copies of the polygon, and analogous formulas calculating the volume ...
In more generality, by the same principle, the volume of any cylinder is the product of the area of a base and the height. For example, an elliptic cylinder with a base having semi-major axis a, semi-minor axis b and height h has a volume V = Ah, where A is the area of the base ellipse (= π ab).