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International trade theory is a sub-field of economics which analyzes the patterns of international trade, its origins, and its welfare implications. International trade policy has been highly controversial since the 18th century. International trade theory and economics itself have developed as means to evaluate the effects of trade policies.
In this case, where the revenue is not enough to cover the opportunity costs, the chosen option may not be the best course of action. [16] When economic profit is zero, all the explicit and implicit costs (opportunity costs) are covered by the total revenue and there is no incentive for reallocation of the resources.
A good can be produced at a lower relative opportunity cost or autarky price, i.e. at a lower relative marginal cost prior to trade. [1] Comparative advantage describes the economic reality of the gains from trade for individuals, firms, or nations, which arise from differences in their factor endowments or technological progress. [2]
International trade is the exchange of capital, goods, and services across international borders or territories [1] because there is a need or want of goods or services. [2] See: World economy .) In most countries, such trade represents a significant share of gross domestic product (GDP).
Daniel Trefler and Susan Chun Zhu summarizes their paper that "It is hard to believe that factor endowments theory [editor's note: in other words, Heckscher–Ohlin–Vanek Model] could offer an adequate explanation of international trade patterns". [10] A common understanding exists that in the national level HOV model fits well.
Gains from trade may also refer to net benefits to a country from lowering barriers to trade such as tariffs on imports. [9] David Ricardo in 1817 first clearly stated and proved the principle of comparative advantage, [10] termed a "fundamental analytical explanation" for the source of gains from trade. [11]
The economic theory of international trade differs from the remainder of economic theory mainly because of the comparatively limited international mobility of the capital and labour. [6] In that respect, it would appear to differ in degree rather than in principle from the trade between remote regions in one country.
Trade cost explanation is naturally incorporated in Shiozawa's theory of international trade and can be used in the account of global value chain emergence, because it is a general framework which permits trade of intermediate goods and services. [12]