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Tretinoin, also known as all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), is a medication used for the treatment of acne and acute promyelocytic leukemia. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] For acne, it is applied to the skin as a cream, gel or ointment. [ 10 ]
First generation retinoids are produced naturally in the body and interact with their normal biological counterparts, such as retinol binding protein 4 for retinol, retinoid receptors for all-trans-retinoic acid or 9-cis-retinoic acid. [9] 13-cis retinoic acid has an unknown biological pathway but appears to act as a growth factor. [10] Second ...
Retinoic acid (simplified nomenclature for all-trans-retinoic acid) is a metabolite of vitamin A 1 (all-trans-retinol) that is required for embryonic development, male fertility, regulation of bone growth and immune function. [2] All-trans-retinoic acid is required for chordate animal development, which includes all higher animals from fish to ...
Alitretinoin, or 9-cis-retinoic acid, is a form of vitamin A. It is also used in medicine as an antineoplastic (anti-cancer) agent developed by Ligand Pharmaceuticals. It is a first generation retinoid. Ligand gained Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for alitretinoin in February 1999.
CRABPs, cellular retinoic acid–binding proteins capable of binding retinol and retinoic acid with high affinity. [ 15 ] [ 16 ] [ 17 ] It has also been characterized that CRABPs are involved in many aspects of the retinoic acid signaling pathway such as the regulation and availability of retinoic acid to nuclear receptors.
Retinoic acid via the retinoic acid receptor influences the process of cell differentiation and, hence, the growth and development of embryos. During development, there is a concentration gradient of retinoic acid along the anterior-posterior (head-tail) axis. Cells in the embryo respond to retinoic acid differently depending on the amount present.
Fenretinide (N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide; 4-HPR) is a synthetic retinoid derivative. Retinoids are substances related to vitamin A. It has been investigated for potential use in the treatment of cancer, as well as in the treatment of cystic fibrosis, [1] rheumatoid arthritis, acne, psoriasis, and has been found to also slow the production and accumulation of a toxin that leads to vision loss ...
Bexarotene is a retinoid that selectively activates retinoid X receptors (RXRs), as opposed to the retinoic acid receptors, the other major target of retinoic acid (the acid form of vitamin A). [12] [13] [14] By so doing it induces cell differentiation and apoptosis and prevents the development of drug resistance. [15]
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