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Aztec warriors led by an eagle knight, each holding a macuahuitl club. Florentine Codex, book IX, F, 5v.Manuscript written by Bernardino de Sahagún.. Before Europeans set out to discover what had been populated by others in their Age of Discovery and before the European colonization, Indigenous peoples resided in a large proportion of the world's territory.
[73] [74] Contemporary estimates range from 2.1 million to 18 million people living on the North American continent prior to European colonization. [75] [76] About 600,000 Native Americans lived in the areas comprising the modern United States in 1800 (including areas not part of the 1800 United States), shortly after the country's independence ...
Scholars believe more than 2 million as as many as 5 million Indigenous people were enslaved during European colonization and beyond, with many sent to perform forced labor in Spain.
Slavery itself was not a new concept to indigenous American peoples as in inter-Native American conflict tribes often kept prisoners of war, but these captures often replaced slain tribe members. [ 4 ] [ 77 ] Native Americans did not originally distinguish between groups of people based on color, but rather traditions. [ 78 ]
The United States initially treated the Native Americans who had fought as allies with the British as a conquered peoples who had lost their lands. Although most members of the Iroquois tribes went to Canada with the Loyalists, others tried to stay in New York and western territories to maintain their lands.
The American Indian Wars were numerous armed conflicts fought by governments and colonists of European descent, and later by the United States federal government and American settlers, against various indigenous peoples within the territory that is now the United States.
As discussed above, this practice of enslaving native peoples was immediately but ineffectually opposed by the Spanish Crown. Succeeding governors were appointed and recalled, often because of stories about their treatment of native populations. [18] The Taíno people also resisted fiercely and were put down in a series of brutal massacres. [19]
Some consider it improper to refer to Indigenous people as "Indigenous Americans" or to append any colonial nationality to the term because Indigenous cultures existed before European colonization. Indigenous groups have territorial claims that are different from modern national and international borders, and when labeled as part of a country ...