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Like its American counterpart, the Buran orbital vehicle, when in transit from its landing sites back to the launch complex, was transported on the back of a large jet aeroplane – the Antonov An-225 Mriya transport aircraft, which was designed in part for this task and was the largest aircraft in the world to fly multiple times. [8]
The construction of the Buran spacecraft began in 1980, and by 1984 the first full-scale orbiter was rolled out. Over 1,000 companies all over the Soviet Union were involved in construction and development. The Buran spacecraft was made to be launched on the Soviet Union's super-heavy lift vehicle, Energia. The Buran program ended in 1993. [4]
The Buran programme was an attempt by the Soviet Union to construct an orbital spaceplane to perform similar functions to the Space Shuttle. Similar to the Space Shuttle programme, an aerodynamic prototype and a number of operational spacecraft were planned for the Buran programme, [1] which were known as "Buran-class orbiters".
The Buran-class orbiters used the expendable Energia rocket as a launch vehicle. The Buran programme was started by the Soviet Union as a response to the United States Space Shuttle program [17] and benefited from extensive espionage undertaken by the KGB of the unclassified US Space Shuttle program, [18] resulting in many superficial and ...
Buran shuttle on Energia launch vehicle. The second flight, and the first one where payload successfully reached orbit, was launched on 15 November 1988. This mission launched the uncrewed Soviet Shuttle vehicle Buran. At apogee, the Buran spacecraft made a 66.7 m/s burn to reach a final orbit of 251 km × 263 km. [7] [11]
Vehicle Origin Manufacturer Height Mass to ... (kg) Reuse Launches (+ suborbital) Launch Sites Date of flight LEO GTO Other First Last Antares 110–130 United States: Orbital: 40.5-41.9 m 5,100 [1] 1,500 to SSO No 5 [1] MARS: 2013 2014 Antares 230 / 230+ United States: Northrop Grumman: 42.5 m 8,200 [1] 3,000 to SSO [a] No 13 MARS: 2016 2023 ...
The 2.01 is the first of a second series of Buran-class orbiters. The design was improved using feedback from the earlier models of Buran-class shuttles, such as the flight of Buran and the construction of Ptichka. [1] Major changes include: Hull design optimized to save weight. Thermal protection system arrangement changed. Spoilers added to ...
Although 2K was the closest to being completed of any of the Buran-class orbiters (after the orbiter Buran), it was never finished. The program was officially cancelled in 1993, at which point the shuttle was 95-97% complete. The proposed official name for 2K was Burya (Russian: Буря, "storm" or "tempest"). [1] [3]