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In metallurgy, peening is the process of working a metal's surface to improve its material properties, usually by mechanical means, such as hammer blows, by blasting with shot (shot peening), focusing light (laser peening), or in recent years, with water column impacts (water jet peening) and cavitation jets (cavitation peening). [1]
Shot peening is a cold working process used to produce a compressive residual stress layer and modify the mechanical properties of metals and composites. It entails striking a surface with shot (round metallic, glass, or ceramic particles) with force sufficient to create plastic deformation. [1] [2]
The most rigid requirements are applicable for Almen strips and checking devices (Almen gauges) used in the aerospace industry. The generic requirements can be found in SAE specifications. Another operation to gauge the intensity of a shot peening process is the use of an Almen round, developed by R. Bosshard.
An Almen round is a thin round disk used to quantify the intensity of a shot peening process. Developed in 1994 by Rudolf Bosshard in Switzerland, it is a modification of the Almen strip method, which is used worldwide as a surface treatment testing method [1] in the field of shot peening. The basic principle is the same, but due to the simple ...
The basic components of a typical electron-beam processing device include: [1] an electron gun (consisting of a cathode, grid, and anode), used to generate and accelerate the primary beam; and, a magnetic optical (focusing and deflection) system, used for controlling the way in which the electron beam impinges on the material being processed ...
Following the atomic bombing of Hiroshima, it was discovered in 2016 that between 0.6% and 2.5% of sand on local beaches was fused glass spheres formed during the bombing. Like trinitite, the glass contains material from the local environment, including materials from buildings destroyed in the attack. The material has been called hiroshimaite ...
Related: Iconic photos from WWII: Fat Man was the second nuclear weapon to be deployed in combat after the US dropped a 5-ton atomic bomb, called "Little Boy," on the Japanese city of Hiroshima.
Murrine – Italian term for patterns or images made in a glass cane (long rods of glass) that are revealed when cut or chopped in cross-sections. Pate de verre [3] – a paste of ground or crushed glass, and the technique of casting this material into a mold; also applied to a more general range of cast-glass objects.