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The calculation of glass properties allows "fine-tuning" of desired material characteristics, e.g., the refractive index. [1]The calculation of glass properties (glass modeling) is used to predict glass properties of interest or glass behavior under certain conditions (e.g., during production) without experimental investigation, based on past data and experience, with the intention to save ...
The batching matrix B indicates the relation of the molarity in the batch (columns) and in the glass (rows). For example, the batch component SiO 2 adds 1 mol SiO 2 to the glass, therefore, the intersection of the first column and row shows "1". Trona adds 1.5 mol Na 2 O to the glass; albite adds 6 mol SiO 2, 1 mol Na 2 O, and 1 mol Al 2 O 3 ...
The CU is the ratio of luminous flux from a luminaire incident upon a work plane to that emitted by the lamps within the luminaire. As a ratio, the coefficient of utilization is unitless. For example, some of the light emitted by a luminaire may exit away from the desired plane and is therefore wasted.
This is the ratio between the total luminous flux emitted by a device and the total amount of input power (electrical, etc.) it consumes. The luminous efficacy of the source is a measure of the efficiency of the device with the output adjusted to account for the spectral response curve (the luminosity function).
The Sherwood number (Sh) (also called the mass transfer Nusselt number) is a dimensionless number used in mass-transfer operation. It represents the ratio of the total mass transfer rate (convection + diffusion) to the rate of diffusive mass transport, [1] and is named in honor of Thomas Kilgore Sherwood.
Uranium glass used as lead-in seals in a vacuum capacitor. Glass-to-metal seals are a type of mechanical seal which joins glass and metal surfaces. They are very important elements in the construction of vacuum tubes, electric discharge tubes, incandescent light bulbs, glass-encapsulated semiconductor diodes, reed switches, glass windows in metal cases, and metal or ceramic packages of ...
Single-ended self-starting lamps are insulated with a mica disc and contained in a borosilicate glass gas discharge tube (arc tube) and a metal cap. [2] [3] They include the sodium-vapor lamp that is commonly used in street lighting. [4] [5] [2] [3] Borosilicate glass usually melts at about 1,650 °C (3,000 °F; 1,920 K).
As components of lamps, their high flexibility is used to adjust the lighting to individual needs. Power for the lamp is supplied through the inside of the gooseneck. The same applies to illuminated magnifiers, where the magnifying glass is held in addition to the lamp. [4] Goosenecks are also used in fiber-optics.