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In sociology, secularization (British English: secularisation) is a multilayered concept that generally denotes "a transition from a religious to a more worldly level." [ 1 ] There are many types of secularization and most do not lead to atheism, irreligion, nor are they automatically antithetical to religion. [ 2 ]
Secularization is the confiscation of church property by a government, such as in the suppression of monasteries. The term is often used to specifically refer to such confiscations during the French Revolution and the First French Empire in the sense of seizing churches and converting their property to state ownership.
St. Carlos, near Monterey, c. 1792 Spanish missions in California. The Mexican Secularization Act of 1833, officially called the Decree for the Secularization of the Missions of California, [1] was an act passed by the Congress of the Union of the First Mexican Republic which secularized the Californian missions.
Secularism's origins can be traced to the Bible itself and fleshed out throughout Christian history into the modern era. [18] "Secular" is a part of the Christian church's history, which even has secular clergy since the medieval period.
Historically, the word secular was not related or linked to religion, but was a freestanding term in Latin that would relate to any mundane endeavour. [12] However, the term, saecula saeculorum (saeculōrum being the genitive plural of saeculum) as found in the New Testament in the Vulgate translation (c. 410) of the original Koine Greek phrase εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν ...
French secularism has a long history: Enlightenment thinkers emphasized reason and self direction. Revolutionaries in 1789 violently overthrew the Ancien Régime, which included the Catholic Church. Secularism was an important ideology during the Second Empire and Third Republic.
The term secular religion is often applied today to communal belief systems—as for example with the view of love as the postmodern secular religion. [11] Paul Vitz applied the term to modern psychology in as much as it fosters a cult of the self, explicitly calling "the self-theory ethic ... this secular religion". [12]
Secularism in the Republic of Ireland has been described as a "quiet revolution", [1] [2] comparable to the Quiet Revolution in Quebec.The term "quiet revolution" has been used to encompass a number of significant social and political movements related to secularism and secularization, which have occurred in the late 20th and early 21st century.