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As Parkinson's is a heterogeneous condition with multiple etiologies, prognostication can be difficult and prognoses can be highly variable. [220] [222] On average, life expectancy is reduced in those with Parkinson's, with younger age of onset resulting in greater life expectancy decreases. [223]
Parkinson's disease, or simply Parkinson's, [28] is a long-term degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that mainly affects the motor system. The disease has many complications, including anxiety, dementia, and depression. [29] Parkinson's disease typically occurs in people over the age of 60, of whom about one percent are affected.
Parkinson's disease (PD) was first described by James Parkinson in 1817. [77] James Parkinson did describe his first findings of Parkinson's disease (PD) in early essays. [78] It typically affects people over the age of 50 and affects about 0.3% of developed populations. [79] PD is related to damaged nerve cells that produce dopamine. [80]
The incidence of drug-induced parkinsonism increases with age. Drug-induced parkinsonism tends to remain at its presenting level and does not worsen like Parkinson's disease. [38] Implicated medications include: Antipsychotics [6] Lithium [6] Metoclopramide [39] MDMA (addiction and frequent use) [40] [41] Tetrabenazine [6] Cinnarizine [37]
[12] [13] The Lewy body dementias—dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD)—are distinguished by the timing when cognitive and motor symptoms appear. [14] The two Lewy body dementias are often considered to belong on a spectrum of Lewy body disease that includes Parkinson's disease. [2] [5]
Paradoxically, drinking and smoking confer protection against Parkinson's disease. [30] [31] It also confers protective benefits to age-related neurological disease in the consumption of coffee or caffeine. [32] [33] [34] Consumption of fruits, fish and vegetables confers protection against dementia, as does a Mediterranean diet. [35]