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An abacus (pl.: abaci or abacuses), also called a counting frame, is a hand -operated calculating tool which was used from ancient times in the ancient Near East, Europe, China, and Russia, until the adoption of the Arabic numeral system. [ 1 ] An abacus consists of a two-dimensional array of slidable beads (or similar objects).
Abacus (architecture) In architecture, an abacus (from the Ancient Greek ἄβαξ (ábax), 'slab'; or French abaque, tailloir; pl.: abacuses or abaci) [1] is a flat slab forming the uppermost member or division of the capital of a column, above the bell. Its chief function is to provide a large supporting surface, tending to be wider than the ...
A suanpan (top) and a soroban (bottom). The two abaci seen here are of standard size and have thirteen rods each. Another variant of soroban. The soroban is composed of an odd number of columns or rods, each having beads: one separate bead having a value of five, called go-dama (五玉, ごだま, "five-bead") and four beads each having a value of one, called ichi-dama (一玉, いちだま ...
The Roman abacus was the first portable calculating device for engineers, merchants, and presumably tax collectors. It greatly reduced the time needed to perform the basic operations of arithmetic using Roman numerals. [citation needed] Karl Menninger said:
The 2, 8, and 9 resemble Arabic numerals more than Eastern Arabic numerals or Indian numerals. The Liber Abaci or Liber Abbaci[1] (Latin for "The Book of Calculation") was a 1202 Latin work on arithmetic by Leonardo of Pisa, posthumously known as Fibonacci. It is primarily famous for helping popularize Arabic numerals in Europe.
A modern 4+1 suanpan (soroban) with a clear-all button. Suanpan- reincarnation of counting rods. The suanpan (simplified Chinese: 算盘; traditional Chinese: 算盤; pinyin: suànpán), also spelled suan pan or souanpan[1][2]) is an abacus of Chinese origin, earliest first known written documentation of the Chinese abacus dates to the 2nd ...
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Zhusuan was an abacus invented in China at the end of the 2nd century CE and reached its peak during the period from the 13th to the 16th century CE. In the 13th century, Guo Shoujing (郭守敬) used Zhusuan to calculate the length of each orbital year and found it to be 365.2425 days. In the 16th century, Zhu Zaiyu (朱載堉) calculated the ...