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Theophylline. Theophylline, also known as 1,3-dimethylxanthine, is a drug that inhibits phosphodiesterase and blocks adenosine receptors. [1] It is used to treat chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. [2] Its pharmacology is similar to other methylxanthine drugs (e.g., theobromine and caffeine). [1]
Second, theophylline is also a nonselective adenosine receptor antagonist, which acts on A1, A2, and A3 receptors with almost the same affinity. This possibly explains theophylline's cardiac effects. Adenosine-mediated channels also enhance diaphragmatic muscle contractility by promoting calcium uptake.
Theophylline is a non-selective adenosine antagonist. It is also an anti-asthmatic agent and a demethylized metabolite of caffeine. Small open-label trials suggest that theophylline has anti-parkinsonian benefit but a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial did not clearly establish relief from symptoms. [3]
Theophylline has also been marketed in combination with other ephedrine-like sympathomimetics like racephedrine and pseudoephedrine and with other barbiturates such as amobarbital and butabarbital, among other drugs. [15] A combination of theophylline, ephedrine, and hydroxyzine has been marketed under the brand name Marax among others as well.
Aminophylline is a compound of the bronchodilator theophylline with ethylenediamine in 2:1 ratio. The ethylenediamine improves solubility, and the aminophylline is usually found as a dihydrate. [2] Aminophylline is less potent and shorter-acting than theophylline. Its most common use is in the treatment of airway obstruction from asthma or COPD ...
Fenethylline (BAN, USAN) or fenetylline is a codrug of amphetamine and theophylline and so a mutual prodrug of both. It is also spelled phenethylline; other names for it are amphetamin oethyl theophylline and amfetyline. The drug was marketed for use as a psychostimulant under the brand names Captagon, Biocapton, and Fitton.
8-Chlorotheophylline, also known as 1,3-dimethyl-8-chloroxanthine, is a stimulant drug of the xanthine chemical class, with physiological effects similar to caffeine. [1] Its main use is in combination (salt) with diphenhydramine in the antiemetic dimenhydrinate (Dramamine). Diphenhydramine reduces nausea but causes drowsiness, and the ...
For the pharmaceutical company, see Alkaloid (company). The first individual alkaloid, morphine, was isolated in 1804 from the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum). [ 1 ] Alkaloids are a class of basic, naturally occurring organic compounds that contain at least one nitrogen atom.