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Generally, oral leukoplakia is the only context where the term is in common usage in modern medicine. In 1988, a case report used the term acquired dyskeratotic leukoplakia to refer to an acquired condition in a female where dyskeratotic cells were present in the epithelia of the mouth and genitalia. [49]: 480 [31]: 806
Hairy leukoplakia is one of the most common oral manifestations of HIV/AIDS, along with oral candidiasis. [7] It is the most common HIV/AIDS related condition caused by EBV, although EBV associated lymphomas may also occur. [5] OHL mainly occurs in adult males, less commonly in adult females and rarely in children. [8]
Oral medicine Leukoedema is a blue, grey or white appearance of mucosae , particularly the buccal mucosa (the inside of the cheeks); it may also occur on the mucosa of the larynx or vagina. It is a harmless and very common condition.
Oral hairy leukoplakia (seen in people with immunosuppression, caused by Epstein–Barr virus) Oral candidiasis can affect the tongue. Risk factors for oral candidiasis include antibiotic and corticosteroid use, and immunodeficiency (e.g. HIV), [5] or diabetes mellitus).
Diagnosis is mainly clinical, based on the history and clinical appearance. The differential diagnosis includes other oral white lesions such as Leukoplakia, squamous cell carcinoma, oral candidiasis, lichen planus, white sponge nevus and contact stomatitis. [7] In contrast to pseudomembraneous candidiasis, this white patch cannot be wiped off. [7]
There is a similarity between this appearance and that of hairy leukoplakia, linea alba and leukoedema. [2] In people with human immunodeficiency virus , who are at higher risk of oral hairy leukoplakia, a tissue biopsy may be required to differentiate between this and frictional keratosis from cheek and tongue chewing.
Oral leukoplakia (white patch) on the left tongue. Proven to be severe dysplasia on biopsy Proven to be severe dysplasia on biopsy A premalignant (or precancerous) lesion is defined as "a benign, morphologically altered tissue that has a greater than normal risk of malignant transformation."
Geographic tongue, also known by several other terms, [note 1] is a condition of the mucous membrane of the tongue, usually on the dorsal surface. It is a common condition, affecting approximately 2–3% of the general population.