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Additionally, specific physical and mechanical properties of coal and particular carbonization properties The calorific value Q of coal [kJ/kg] is the heat liberated by its complete combustion with oxygen. Q is a complex function of the elemental composition of the coal [citation needed]. Q can be determined experimentally using calorimeters.
The heating value (or energy value or calorific value) of a substance, usually a fuel or food (see food energy), is the amount of heat released during the combustion of a specified amount of it. The calorific value is the total energy released as heat when a substance undergoes complete combustion with oxygen under standard conditions.
In the ASTM system, any coal with more than 69% fixed carbon is classified by its content of carbon and volatiles. Coal with less than 69% fixed carbon is classified by its heating value. Volatiles and carbon are on a dry mineral free base; heating value is based on the moisture content as mined, but without any free water.
The specific heat of the human body calculated from the measured values of individual tissues is 2.98 kJ · kg−1 · °C−1. This is 17% lower than the earlier wider used one based on non measured values of 3.47 kJ · kg−1· °C−1.
The products from the air cycle contain non-calorific nitrogen and are exhausted out the stack while the products of the steam cycle are kept as blue water gas. This gas is composed almost entirely of CO and H 2, and burns with a pale blue flame similar to natural gas. BWG has a calorific value of 11 MJ/m 3 (300 BTU/cu ft).
In industrial chemistry, coal gasification is the process of producing syngas—a mixture consisting primarily of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen (H 2), carbon dioxide (CO 2), methane (CH 4), and water vapour (H 2 O)—from coal and water, air and/or oxygen. Historically, coal was gasified to produce coal gas, also known as "town gas
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Smokeless fuels generally have a high calorific value, with that of anthracite being greater than dry wood for example, and many smokeless briquettes are made from this type of coal. Thus anthracite has a calorific value of 32.5 MJ/kg compared with that of dry wood of about 21 MJ/kg.