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Antibiotic misuse can lead to resistance in harmless bacteria that can be shared with other bacteria, or create an opportunity for potentially harmful bacteria to replace the harmless ones. [ 37 ] Official guidelines by the American Heart Association for dental antibiotic prophylaxis call for the administration of antibiotics to prevent ...
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, overuse and misuse of antibiotics have already created a slew of antibiotic-resistant bugs that cost the country upwards of $20 billion ...
Overuse of antibiotics and other antimicrobial drugs during the coronavirus pandemic is helping bacteria develop resistance that will render these important medicines ineffective over time, the ...
As antibiotics inhibit bacterial infections, they are a commonly prescribed medication. Overuse of these medications over the years has contributed to reduced efficacy against certain bacteria due to antimicrobial resistance , [ 23 ] a global medical concern. [ 24 ]
Antibiotic resistant bacteria are able to transfer copies of DNA that code for a mechanism of resistance to other bacteria even distantly related to them, which then are also able to pass on the resistance genes, resulting in generations of antibiotics resistant bacteria. [11] This initial transfer of DNA is called horizontal gene transfer. [12]
Type A: augmented pharmacological effects, which are dose-dependent and predictable [5]; Type A reactions, which constitute approximately 80% of adverse drug reactions, are usually a consequence of the drug's primary pharmacological effect (e.g., bleeding when using the anticoagulant warfarin) or a low therapeutic index of the drug (e.g., nausea from digoxin), and they are therefore predictable.
Drug, toxin, or chemical resistance is a consequence of evolution and is a response to pressures imposed on any living organism. Individual organisms vary in their sensitivity to the drug used and some with greater fitness may be capable of surviving drug treatment.
Self-prescribing of antibiotics is an example of misuse. [106] Many antibiotics are frequently prescribed to treat symptoms or diseases that do not respond to antibiotics or that are likely to resolve without treatment. Also, incorrect or suboptimal antibiotics are prescribed for certain bacterial infections.