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In deriving the Schwarzschild metric, it was assumed that the metric was vacuum, spherically symmetric and static. The static assumption is unneeded, as Birkhoff's theorem states that any spherically symmetric vacuum solution of Einstein's field equations is stationary ; the Schwarzschild solution thus follows.
Christoffel symbols satisfy the symmetry relations = or, respectively, =, the second of which is equivalent to the torsion-freeness of the Levi-Civita connection. The contracting relations on the Christoffel symbols are given by
Snap, [6] or jounce, [2] is the fourth derivative of the position vector with respect to time, or the rate of change of the jerk with respect to time. [4] Equivalently, it is the second derivative of acceleration or the third derivative of velocity, and is defined by any of the following equivalent expressions: = ȷ = = =.
The exterior Schwarzschild solution with r > r s is the one that is related to the gravitational fields of stars and planets. The interior Schwarzschild solution with 0 ≤ r < r s, which contains the singularity at r = 0, is completely separated from the outer patch by the singularity at r = r s. The Schwarzschild coordinates therefore give no ...
In mathematics, the derivative is a fundamental tool that quantifies the sensitivity to change of a function's output with respect to its input. The derivative of a function of a single variable at a chosen input value, when it exists, is the slope of the tangent line to the graph of the function at that point.
where the comma indicates a partial derivative with respect to the coordinates: g a b , c = ∂ g a b ∂ x c {\displaystyle g_{ab,c}={\frac {\partial {g_{ab}}}{\partial {x^{c}}}}} As the manifold has dimension n {\displaystyle n} , the geodesic equations are a system of n {\displaystyle n} ordinary differential equations for the n ...
If the derivative does not lie on the tangent space, the right expression is the projection of the derivative over the tangent space (see covariant derivative below). Symbols of the second kind decompose the change with respect to the basis, while symbols of the first kind decompose it with respect to the dual basis.
where (,) and (,) are two metric potentials dependent on Weyl's canonical coordinates {,}.The coordinate system {,,,} serves best for symmetries of Weyl's spacetime (with two Killing vector fields being = and =) and often acts like cylindrical coordinates, [2] but is incomplete when describing a black hole as {,} only cover the horizon and its exteriors.