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One-way permutations are an important cryptographic primitive, and it is not known if their existence is implied by the existence of one-way functions. A trapdoor one-way function or trapdoor permutation is a special kind of one-way function. Such a function is hard to invert unless some secret information, called the trapdoor, is known.
If G is a group of permutations of N, and H is a group of permutations of X, then we count equivalence classes of functions :. Two functions f and F are considered equivalent if, and only if, there exist g ∈ G , h ∈ H {\displaystyle g\in G,h\in H} so that F = h ∘ f ∘ g {\displaystyle F=h\circ f\circ g} .
Programming by permutation, sometimes called "programming by accident" or "shotgunning", is an approach to software development wherein a programming problem is solved by iteratively making small changes (permutations) and testing each change to see if it behaves as desired. This approach sometimes seems attractive when the programmer does not ...
This is the limit of the probability that a randomly selected permutation of a large number of objects is a derangement. The probability converges to this limit extremely quickly as n increases, which is why !n is the nearest integer to n!/e. The above semi-log graph shows that the derangement graph lags the permutation graph by an almost ...
The distinction is that claw-free permutations are pairs of functions in which it is hard to create a collision between them, while a collision-resistant hash function is a single function in which it's hard to find a collision, i.e. a function H is collision resistant if it's hard to find a pair of distinct values x,y such that H(x) = H(y).
The parking functions can also be placed in bijection with the spanning trees on a complete graph with + vertices, one of which is designated as the root. This bijection, together with Cayley's formula for the number of spanning trees, again shows that there are ( n + 1 ) n − 1 {\displaystyle (n+1)^{n-1}} parking functions.
HackerRank categorizes most of their programming challenges into a number of core computer science domains, [3] including database management, mathematics, and artificial intelligence. When a programmer submits a solution to a programming challenge, their submission is scored on the accuracy of their output.
Sorting a set of unlabelled weights by weight using only a balance scale requires a comparison sort algorithm. A comparison sort is a type of sorting algorithm that only reads the list elements through a single abstract comparison operation (often a "less than or equal to" operator or a three-way comparison) that determines which of two elements should occur first in the final sorted list.