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Upward counterfactuals have a greater preparative function and focus on future improvement, while downward counterfactuals are used as a coping mechanism in an affective function. Furthermore, additive counterfactuals have shown greater potential to induce behavioral intentions of improving performance. [16]
Downward counterfactuals, thinking about ways in which things could have gone worse, are linked with positive affect. Self-blame that assesses how a negative event could be avoided would be upward counterfactual thinking, so this theory hypothesizes that self-blame results in negative affect and poor adjustment.
Upward communication is the process of information flowing from the lower levels of a hierarchy to the upper levels. This type of communication is becoming more popular in organizations as traditional forms of communication are becoming less popular. The more traditional organization types such as a hierarchy, places people into separate ranks.
These cases are known as upward counterfactuals, in contrast to downward counterfactuals, in which the counterfactual scenario is worse than actuality. [ 138 ] [ 136 ] Upward counterfactual thinking is usually experienced as unpleasant, since it presents the actual circumstances in a bad light.
This leads to hindsight bias in the form of retroactive pessimism to inhibit upward counterfactual thinking, instead interpreting the outcome as succumbing to an inevitable fate. [ 33 ] This memory inhibition that prevents a person from recalling what happened may lead to failure to accept mistakes, and therefore may make someone unable to ...
(Reuters) -Wall Street's main stock indexes were set to open lower on Friday, with investors staying cautious ahead of economic data, while planemaker Boeing dropped after issuing a quarterly ...
TAIPEI (Reuters) -Taiwan will support companies that plan to relocate to the United States, including helping them find partners, the economy ministry said on Monday, outlining assistance it will ...
Brazilian President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva said on Thursday that social media company Meta's decision to scrap its fact-checking program in the U.S. was "extremely serious," and that he would ...