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Upward counterfactuals have a greater preparative function and focus on future improvement, while downward counterfactuals are used as a coping mechanism in an affective function. Furthermore, additive counterfactuals have shown greater potential to induce behavioral intentions of improving performance. [16]
4 Downward/upward counterfactuals. 1 comment. 5 Webster. 1 comment. Toggle the table of contents. Talk: Counterfactual thinking. Add languages.
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Downward counterfactuals, thinking about ways in which things could have gone worse, are linked with positive affect. Self-blame that assesses how a negative event could be avoided would be upward counterfactual thinking, so this theory hypothesizes that self-blame results in negative affect and poor adjustment.
Chiara, Marletto (2021). The Science of Can and Can't.Penguin. ISBN 9780525521921. [7] [8] [9]Marletto, Chiara (1 July 2014). "Constructor Theory of Life".Journal of the Royal Society Interface.
Counterfactual Thought Experiments: A Necessary Research Tool (archived link)—Academic discussion of counterfactuals in history, and suggested ground rules for their use Counterfactual History: A User's Guide (archived link), by Martin Bunzl from The American Historical Review
Counterfactuals are characterized grammatically by their use of fake tense morphology, which some languages use in combination with other kinds of morphology including aspect and mood. Counterfactuals are one of the most studied phenomena in philosophical logic, formal semantics, and philosophy of language.
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