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Confirmation bias (also confirmatory bias, myside bias, [a] or congeniality bias [2]) is the tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms or supports one's prior beliefs or values. [3]
Selective exposure has also been known and defined as "congeniality bias" or "confirmation bias" in various texts throughout the years. [1] According to the historical use of the term, people tend to select specific aspects of exposed information which they incorporate into their mindset.
In 1960 Wason developed the first of many tasks he would devise to reveal the failures of human reasoning. The "2-4-6" task was the first experiment that showed people to be illogical and irrational. In this study, subjects were told that the experimenter had a rule in mind that only applied to sets of threes.
"With confirmation bias, we basically see what we want to see," says Dr. Craig Kain, Ph.D., a licensed psychologist. Making an effort to recognize confirmation bias is especially important, albeit ...
Wason also ascribes participants' errors on this selection task due to confirmation bias. Confirmation bias compels people to seek the cards which confirm the rule; meanwhile, they overlook the main purpose of the experiment, which is to purposefully choose the cards that potentially disconfirm the rule. [13]
Confirmation bias – Bias confirming existing attitudes; Groupthink – Psychological phenomenon that occurs within a group of people; Information cascade – Behavioral phenomenon; Milgram experiment – Series of social psychology experiments; Minimal group paradigm – In-group favoritism is easily prompted
Confirmation bias is the tendency to search for, interpret, focus on and remember information in a way that confirms one's preconceptions. [32] There are multiple other cognitive biases which involve or are types of confirmation bias: Backfire effect, a tendency to react to disconfirming evidence by strengthening one's previous beliefs. [33]
For many, it is still seen as a tick-box exercise – an empty PR stunt to create the facade of a forward-thinking, inclusive company.