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The polarization is proportional to the macroscopic field by = = where is the electric permittivity constant and is the electric susceptibility. Using this proportionality, we find the local field as F = 1 3 ( ε r + 2 ) E {\displaystyle \mathbf {F} ={\tfrac {1}{3}}(\varepsilon _{\mathrm {r} }+2)\mathbf {E} } which can be used in the definition ...
Generally, the cause of concentration polarization is the ability of a membrane to transport some species more readily than the other(s) (which is the membrane permselectivity): the retained species are concentrated at the upstream membrane surface while the concentration of transported species decreases. Thus, concentration polarization ...
In chemistry, polarity is a separation of electric charge leading to a molecule or its chemical groups having an electric dipole moment, with a negatively charged end and a positively charged end. Polar molecules must contain one or more polar bonds due to a difference in electronegativity between the bonded atoms.
A field effect is the polarization of a molecule through space. The effect is a result of an electric field produced by charge localization in a molecule. [ 1 ] This field, which is substituent and conformation dependent, can influence structure and reactivity by manipulating the location of electron density in bonds and/or the overall molecule ...
In electrochemistry, polarization is a collective term for certain mechanical side-effects (of an electrochemical process) by which isolating barriers develop at the interface between electrode and electrolyte.
This will happen only when the analyzer is rotated by the same angle by which the plane of polarization of light is rotated by the optically active solution. The position of the analyzer is again noted. The difference of the two readings will give the angle of rotation of the plane of polarization.
The phase velocity of light in a medium is commonly expressed using the index of refraction n, defined as the speed of light (in free space) divided by its speed in the medium. The difference in the refractive indices between the two circular polarizations quantifies the strength of the circular birefringence (polarization rotation),
Molar refractivity, [1] [2], is a measure of the total polarizability of a mole of a substance.. For a perfect dielectric which is made of one type of molecule, the molar refractivity is proportional to the polarizability of a single molecule of the substance.