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The Guangxu Emperor (14 August 1871 – 14 November 1908), [1] also known by his temple name Emperor Dezong of Qing, personal name Zaitian, [2] was the eleventh emperor of the Qing dynasty, [3] and the ninth Qing emperor to rule over China proper, from 1875 to 1908.
Kangxi reign marks on porcelain are few throughout the ceramic period, but a few can be identified with the pre‑1677 decades. Earlier Ming period marks can frequently be found. Their styles closely match the few Kangxi marks that are found and aid in delineating Kangxi transitional porcelain. [8]
Kangxi period mark on a piece of late nineteenth century blue and white porcelain. Chinese potters have a long tradition of borrowing design and decorative features from earlier wares. Whilst ceramics with features thus borrowed might sometimes pose problems of provenance, they would not generally be regarded as either reproductions or fakes ...
The porcelain trade became important during the late Ming dynasty and was so throughout the Qing dynasty. [2] The growth reflected a creative influence that improved the artistic design of the porcelain and generated high demand in Europe. [3] Chinese porcelain made specifically for export to Europe is known as Chinese export porcelain.
Small cup with the "Five Treasures", Chenghua reign mark, 2.9 × 7 cm, PDF.767. Doucai (Chinese: 斗彩; Wade–Giles: tou-ts'ai) is a technique in painting Chinese porcelain, where parts of the design, and some outlines of the rest, are painted in underglaze blue, and the piece is then glazed and fired.
Chinese blue and white export porcelain, with European scene and French inscription "The Empire of virtue is established to the end of the Universe", Kangxi period, 1690–1700. Chinese export porcelain includes a wide range of Chinese porcelain that was made (almost) exclusively for export to Europe and later to North America between the 16th ...
Silver had long been the currency for China's overseas trade until the mid-1930s. [15] China during most of the Qing dynasty period was not a silver producing country and its silver supply relied on imports from abroad. [15] It was only during the 1890s that provincial Chinese mints started producing native silver coinages. [15]
During the early Chinese Export Silver Period, silversmiths faithfully copied functional British or American items like flatware, tankards, and tea sets. Since they did not understand the significance of British silver hallmarks, they often unwittingly copied them as well, but with crude symbols or altered lettering. Some of the earlier known ...