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The Guangxu Emperor (14 August 1871 – 14 November 1908), [1] also known by his temple name Emperor Dezong of Qing, personal name Zaitian, [2] was the eleventh emperor of the Qing dynasty, [3] and the ninth Qing emperor to rule over China proper, from 1875 to 1908.
The porcelain trade became important during the late Ming dynasty and was so throughout the Qing dynasty. [2] The growth reflected a creative influence that improved the artistic design of the porcelain and generated high demand in Europe. [3] Chinese porcelain made specifically for export to Europe is known as Chinese export porcelain.
Silver had long been the currency for China's overseas trade until the mid-1930s. [15] China during most of the Qing dynasty period was not a silver producing country and its silver supply relied on imports from abroad. [15] It was only during the 1890s that provincial Chinese mints started producing native silver coinages. [15]
A selection of falangcai porcelains Bowl with peacock in falangcai painted enamels, Yongzheng reign. National Palace Museum. The origin of famille rose is not entirely clear. It is believed that this colour palette was introduced to the Imperial court in China by Jesuits, achieved through the use of purple of Cassius, initially on enamels used on metal wares such as cloisonné produced in the ...
Kangxi reign marks on porcelain are few throughout the ceramic period, but a few can be identified with the pre‑1677 decades. Earlier Ming period marks can frequently be found. Their styles closely match the few Kangxi marks that are found and aid in delineating Kangxi transitional porcelain. [8]
During the early Chinese Export Silver Period, silversmiths faithfully copied functional British or American items like flatware, tankards, and tea sets. Since they did not understand the significance of British silver hallmarks, they often unwittingly copied them as well, but with crude symbols or altered lettering. Some of the earlier known ...
Kangxi period mark on a piece of late nineteenth century blue and white porcelain. Chinese potters have a long tradition of borrowing design and decorative features from earlier wares. Whilst ceramics with features thus borrowed might sometimes pose problems of provenance, they would not generally be regarded as either reproductions or fakes ...
The Shanghai Small Swords Society under the leadership of Liu Lichuan seized control of the city of Shanghai in September 1853 and awarded themselves the period title of "Tianyun" (天運), as Shanghai had a lot of gold and silver but not much cash coins the rebels confiscated all scrap copper they could find and this was all cast into cash ...