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Controlled reception pattern antennas (CRPA) are active antennas that are designed to resist radio jamming and spoofing. They are used in navigation applications to resist GPS spoofing attacks. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
Antenna directivity is the ratio of maximum radiation intensity (power per unit surface) radiated by the antenna in the maximum direction divided by the intensity radiated by a hypothetical isotropic antenna radiating the same total power as that antenna. For example, a hypothetical antenna which had a radiated pattern of a hemisphere (1/2 ...
The vertical plane is used to plot an antenna's relative field strength perpendicular to the ground (which directly affects a station's coverage area) on a polar graph. Normally, the maximum of 1.000 or 0 dB is at the side (unless there is beam tilt ), which is labeled 0°, to 90° at the top and −90° at the bottom.
The top shows the directive pattern of a horn antenna, the bottom shows the omnidirectional pattern of a simple vertical dipole antenna. In the field of antenna design the term radiation pattern (or antenna pattern or far-field pattern) refers to the directional (angular) dependence of the strength of the radio waves from the antenna or other ...
Yagi–Uda antenna polar pattern showing pattern of alternating lobes and nulls. In radio electronics, a null is a direction in an antenna's radiation pattern where the antenna radiates almost no radio waves, so the far field signal strength is a local minimum. Nulls occur because different parts of an antenna radiate radio waves of different ...
Due to its image (b) in the ground plane, a monopole antenna (a) has the same radiation pattern over perfect ground as a dipole antenna (c) in free space with twice the voltage In telecommunications and antenna design, an image antenna is an electrical mirror-image of an antenna element formed by the radio waves reflecting from a conductive ...
Slotted array UHF television broadcasting antenna. As shown by H. G. Booker in 1946, from Babinet's principle in optics a slot in a metal plate or waveguide has the same radiation pattern as a driven rod antenna whose rod is the same shape as the slot, with the exception that the electric field and magnetic field directions are interchanged; the antenna is a magnetic dipole instead of an ...
The 2006 NASA ST5 spacecraft antenna. This complicated shape was found by an evolutionary computer design program to create the best radiation pattern. In radio communications, an evolved antenna is an antenna designed fully or substantially by an automatic computer design program that uses an evolutionary algorithm that mimics Darwinian evolution.