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This is called a trivial bundle. Examples of non-trivial fiber bundles include the Möbius strip and Klein bottle, as well as nontrivial covering spaces. Fiber bundles, such as the tangent bundle of a manifold and other more general vector bundles, play an important role in differential geometry and differential topology, as do principal bundles.
At each point in the fiber , the vertical fiber is unique. It is the tangent space to the fiber. The horizontal fiber is non-unique. It merely has to be transverse to the vertical fiber. In mathematics, the vertical bundle and the horizontal bundle are vector bundles associated to a smooth fiber bundle.
Discovered by Heinz Hopf in 1931, it is an influential early example of a fiber bundle. Technically, Hopf found a many-to-one continuous function (or "map") from the 3 -sphere onto the 2 -sphere such that each distinct point of the 2 -sphere is mapped from a distinct great circle of the 3 -sphere ( Hopf 1931 ). [ 1 ]
A mapping : between total spaces of two fibrations : and : with the same base space is a fibration homomorphism if the following diagram commutes: . The mapping is a fiber homotopy equivalence if in addition a fibration homomorphism : exists, such that the mappings and are homotopic, by fibration homomorphisms, to the identities and . [2]: 405-406
In knot theory, a branch of mathematics, the trefoil knot is the simplest example of a nontrivial knot. The trefoil can be obtained by joining the two loose ends of a common overhand knot, resulting in a knotted loop. As the simplest knot, the trefoil is fundamental to the study of mathematical knot theory.
The Möbius strip can be constructed by a non-trivial gluing of two trivial bundles on open subsets U and V of the circle S 1. When glued trivially (with g UV =1) one obtains the trivial bundle, but with the non-trivial gluing of g UV =1 on one overlap and g UV =-1 on the second overlap, one obtains the non-trivial bundle E, the Möbius strip ...
The orthonormal frame bundle () of the Möbius strip is a non-trivial principal /-bundle over the circle. In mathematics , a frame bundle is a principal fiber bundle F ( E ) {\displaystyle F(E)} associated with any vector bundle E {\displaystyle E} .
The first definition of fiber space is given by Hassler Whitney in 1935 under the name sphere space, but in 1940 Whitney changed the name to sphere bundle. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] The theory of fibered spaces, of which vector bundles , principal bundles , topological fibrations and fibered manifolds are a special case, is attributed to Seifert , Hopf ...