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In bulk applications, a paper drilling machine may be used. Then the user chooses a spine size that will match the document. Standard sizes are 4.8 mm (3 ⁄ 16 in) (for 16 sheets of 20# paper) up to 51 mm (2 in) (for 425 sheets). Spine lengths are generally 280 mm (11 in) to match the length of letter-size paper.
There is a variant for half-letter size pages (8 + 1 ⁄ 2 by 5 + 1 ⁄ 2 inches or 220 mm × 140 mm), whose three rings are 2 + 3 ⁄ 4 inches (70 mm) apart. "Ledger" size binders hold 11-by-17-inch (28 by 43 cm) paper, and may use standard 3-ring spacing or multiple additional rings.
A loose leaf (also loose leaf paper, filler paper or refill paper) is a piece of paper of any kind that is not bound in place, or available on a continuous roll, and may be punched and organized as ring-bound (in a ring binder) or disc-bound. Loose leaf paper may be sold as free sheets, or made up into notepads, where perforations or glue allow ...
The preparation of the "foundations" of the book could mean the difference between a beautiful work of art and a useless stack of paper and leather. The sections are then hand-sewn in the style of its period, back into book form, or the original sewing is strengthened with new lining on the text-spine.
Leather inlays, which are similar in form to inlays in woodworking, are shaped pieces of leather the same thickness as the covering leather on a book. A piece of leather the same shape, size, and thickness as the inlay is removed from the covering leather, and the inlay is placed into the resulting space. The edge of the inlay can be tooled, in ...
Bonded leather, also called reconstituted leather, composition leather [1] [2] or blended leather, is a term used for a manufactured upholstery material which contains animal hide. It is made as a layered structure of a fiber or paper backer covered with a layer of shredded leather fibers mixed with natural rubber or a polyurethane binder that ...