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[10]: 34–47 [65] [66] These late preterm (34 weeks –36 weeks and 6 days) and early term (37 weeks–38 weeks and 6 days) infants are at increased risk for both breastfeeding cessation and complications of insufficient milk intake (e.g., dehydration, hypoglycemia, jaundice, and excessive weight loss). [67]
One specific protein that breast milk has is lactoferrin, which is bacteriostatic, [10] meaning it prevents the growth of harmful bacteria. Without this protein, the baby cannot produce the immunity that its body desperately needs, resulting in a higher risk of disease and malnutrition. Breast milk provides the best source of protein for an infant.
Consumption of 1500–1800 calories per day could coincide with a weight loss of 450 grams (one pound) per week. [65] While mothers in famine conditions can produce milk with highly nutritional content, a malnourished mother may produce milk with decreased levels of several micronutrients such as iron, zinc, and vitamin B 12 . [ 34 ]
For women with low calcium diets, there is low quality evidence to suggest that calcium supplementation during pregnancy may reduce the risk of preeclampsia. [25] Low-quality evidence also suggests that calcium supplementation may reduce the risk of the mother having the baby before 37th week of pregnancy (preterm birth). [25] [26]
The use of IV fluids in labour tends to artificially increase the birth weight of the baby, and subsequently inflate the baby's weight loss. [13] Newborns should regain their birth weight by two weeks of age, and gain at least 150 g per week. [3] If an infant is not showing these signs of growing well, other possible causes include:
Newborn infants often produce some milk from their own breast tissue, known colloquially as witch's milk. In most species, lactation is a sign that the female has been pregnant at some point in her life, although in humans and goats, it can happen without pregnancy.
Rather they refer to what percentage of the total weight is milk fat. For example, one cup of milk weighs about 225 grams. Of that weight, 2% milk holds 5 grams of fat and whole milk contains 8 grams.
[4] [5] The composition of neonatal milk is similar to maternal milk for most of their components except for fats and one type of antibody. [6] [7] Neonatal milk production occurs in about 6% of newborns with age from 0 to 12 weeks. Within the age range, infants age 0 to 2 weeks were found to have the highest occurrence.