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A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electrical signals and power. It is one of the basic building blocks of modern electronics. [1]
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In contrast, a unipolar transistor, such as a field-effect transistor (FET), uses only one kind of charge carrier. A bipolar transistor allows a small current injected at one of its terminals to control a much larger current between the remaining two terminals, making the device capable of amplification or switching.
The original unijunction transistor, or UJT, is a simple device that is essentially a bar of n-type semiconductor material into which p-type material has been diffused somewhere along its length, fixing the device parameter (the "intrinsic stand-off ratio"). The 2N2646 model is the most commonly used version of the UJT.
The SB-FET (Schottky-barrier field-effect transistor) is a field-effect transistor with metallic source and drain contact electrodes, which create Schottky barriers at both the source-channel and drain-channel interfaces. [64] [65] The GFET is a highly sensitive graphene-based field effect transistor used as biosensors and chemical sensors.
The invention of the high-electron-mobility transistor (HEMT) is usually attributed to physicist Takashi Mimura (三村 高志), while working at Fujitsu in Japan. [4] The basis for the HEMT was the GaAs (gallium arsenide) MOSFET (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor), which Mimura had been researching as an alternative to the standard silicon (Si) MOSFET since 1977.
The MOSFET, also known as the MOS transistor, was the first truly compact transistor that could be miniaturised and mass-produced for a wide range of uses. [46] It revolutionized the wider electronics industry , [ 85 ] including power electronics , [ 86 ] consumer electronics , control systems, and computers . [ 87 ]
The junction field-effect transistor (JFET) is one of the simplest types of field-effect transistor. [1] JFETs are three-terminal semiconductor devices that can be used as electronically controlled switches or resistors , or to build amplifiers .