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The effects of chronic exposure to even low levels of microcystins are a concern due to the risk of toxicity to several organ systems. [ 1 ] [ 47 ] These toxic compounds are not produced by spirulina itself, [ 48 ] but can occur if spirulina batches are contaminated with other, toxin-producing, blue-green algae.
Spirulina is sold as a health supplement in the form of powder or tablets due to its high levels of essential and unsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, dietary minerals, and antioxidants. [5] After the Chernobyl disaster , Spirulina was given to victims due to its antioxidant properties to avoid adverse effects of reactive oxygen species . [ 6 ]
Chlorella is a genus of about thirteen species of single-celled or colonial green algae of the division Chlorophyta. The cells are spherical in shape, about 2 to 10 μm in diameter, and are without flagella .
The common name, spirulina, refers to the dried biomass of Arthrospira platensis, [3] a type of Cyanobacteria, which are oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria.These photosynthetic organisms were first considered to be algae, a very large and diverse group of eukaryotic organisms, until 1962 when they were reclassified as prokaryotes and named Cyanobacteria. [4]
Chlorella: This form of alga is found in freshwater and contains photosynthetic pigments in its chloroplast. Klamath AFA: A subspecies of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae found wild in many bodies of water worldwide but harvested only from Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon. Spirulina: Known otherwise as a cyanobacterium (a prokaryote or a "blue-green alga")
In nutraceutical industries, Arthrospira (Spirulina) and Chlorella are the most important species in commercialization as health foods and nutrition supplements with various health benefits including enhancing immune system activity, anti-tumor effects, and animal growth promotion, due to their abundant proteins, vitamins, active ...
Spirulina, a genus of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) Spirulina (dietary supplement), a cyanobacterium product and biomass that can be consumed by humans and other animals Arthrospira, a genus of cyanobacteria closely related to the Spirulina genus, with three species that make up the above dietary supplement, despite its name
Aphanizomenon flos-aquae is a diverse group of cyanobacteria with both toxic and non-toxic [1] [2] strains found in brackish and freshwater environments globally, including the Baltic Sea and the Great Lakes.