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Polarizers find applications in photography and LCD technology. In photography, a polarizing filter can be used to filter out reflections. The common types of polarizers are linear polarizers and circular polarizers. Polarizers can also be made for other types of electromagnetic waves besides visible light, such as radio waves, microwaves, and ...
The high-energy electron that resides on the tightly bound quinone molecule Q A is transferred to an exchangeable quinone molecule Q B. This molecule is loosely associated with the protein and is fairly easy to detach. Two electrons are required to fully reduce Q B to QH 2, taking up two protons from the cytoplasm in the process.
In their high-energy states, the special pigment and the acceptor could undergo charge recombination; that is, the electron on the acceptor could move back to neutralize the positive charge on the special pair. Its return to the special pair would waste a valuable high-energy electron and simply convert the absorbed light energy into heat.
The thylakoid membrane is the site of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis with the photosynthetic pigments embedded directly in the membrane. It is an alternating pattern of dark and light bands measuring each 1 nanometre . [ 3 ]
Fast automatic digital polarimeters yield an accurate result within a few seconds, regardless of the rotation angle of the sample. In addition, they provide continuous measurement, facilitating High-performance liquid chromatography and other kinetic investigations. Another feature of modern polarimeters is the Faraday modulator. The Faraday ...
Spherulites have a size between about 1 and 100 micrometers [3] and form a large variety of colored patterns (see, e.g. front images) when observed between crossed polarizers in an optical microscope, which often include the "Maltese cross" pattern and other polarization phenomena caused by molecular alignment within the individual lamellae of ...
Light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis at the thylakoid membrane. Photosystems are functional and structural units of protein complexes involved in photosynthesis. Together they carry out the primary photochemistry of photosynthesis: the absorption of light and the transfer of energy and electrons.
In cyclic photophosphorylation, the high-energy electron released from P700, a pigment in a complex called photosystem I, flows in a cyclic pathway. The electron starts in photosystem I, passes from the primary electron acceptor to ferredoxin and then to plastoquinone , next to cytochrome b 6 f (a similar complex to that found in mitochondria ...