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In this diagram of a duplicated chromosome, (2) identifies the centromere—the region that joins the two sister chromatids, or each half of the chromosome. In prophase of mitosis, specialized regions on centromeres called kinetochores attach chromosomes to spindle fibers. The centromere links a pair of sister chromatids together during cell ...
If the chromosome is a submetacentric chromosome (One arm big and the other arm small) then the centromere divides each chromosome into two regions: the smaller one, which is the p region, and the bigger one, the q region. The sister chromatids will be distributed to each daughter cell at the end of the cell division.
Centromere protein A, also known as CENPA, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the CENPA gene. [5] CENPA is a histone H3 variant which is the critical factor determining the kinetochore position(s) on each chromosome [ 6 ] in most eukaryotes including humans.
The monocentric chromosome is a chromosome that has only one centromere in a chromosome and forms a narrow constriction. Monocentric centromeres are the most common structure on highly repetitive DNA in plants and animals.
Centromere protein B is a highly conserved protein that facilitates centromere formation. It is a DNA -binding protein that is derived from transposases of the pogo DNA transposon family. It contains a helix-loop-helix DNA binding motif at the N-terminus and a dimerization domain at the C-terminus.
Inversions that exclude the centromere are known as paracentric inversions, which result in unbalanced gametes after meiosis. [2] During prophase of meiosis I, homologous chromosomes form an inversion loop and crossover occurs. If a paracentric inversion has occurred, one of the products will be acentric, while the other product will be dicentric.
However, the emergence of research in neocentromeres troubles this conventional definition and questions the function of a centromere beyond being a “landing pad” for kinetochore formation. [4] This expands the scope of the centromere's function to include regulating the function of the kinetochore and the mitotic spindle .
Cell cycle regulation of centrosome duplication. Centrosomes are only supposed to replicate once in each cell cycle and are therefore highly regulated. [9] The centrosome cycle has been found to be regulated by multiple things, including reversible phosphorylation and proteolysis. [2]