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Tollens' reagent (chemical formula ()) is a chemical reagent used to distinguish between aldehydes and ketones along with some alpha-hydroxy ketones which can tautomerize into aldehydes. The reagent consists of a solution of silver nitrate , ammonium hydroxide and some sodium hydroxide (to maintain a basic pH of the reagent solution).
Alcohol oxidation is a collection of oxidation reactions in organic chemistry that convert alcohols to aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and esters. The reaction mainly applies to primary and secondary alcohols. Secondary alcohols form ketones, while primary alcohols form aldehydes or carboxylic acids. [1] A variety of oxidants can be used.
The further reaction of the Schiff reagent with aldehydes is complex with several research groups reporting multiple reaction products with model compounds. In the currently accepted mechanism, the pararosaniline and bisulfite combine to yield the "decolorized" adduct with sulfonation at the central carbon as described and shown.
Tishchenko reaction, Tishchenko–Claisen reaction; Tollens reagent; Transfer hydrogenation; Trapp mixture; Transesterification; Traube purine synthesis; Truce–Smiles rearrangement; Tscherniac–Einhorn reaction; Tschitschibabin reaction; Tschugajeff reaction; Tsuji–Trost reaction; Tsuji–Wilkinson decarbonylation reaction; Twitchell ...
The sulfonium oxidations can be categorized into two groups: The methods discovered earliest rely on activated alcohols like alkyl tosylates (Kornblum oxidation) [2] or alkyl chloroformates (from reaction of alcohols with phosgene: Barton-Kornblum) [3] that react as electrophiles when treated with DMSO, liberating an oxygenated leaving group (e.g. OTs−).
Reagents are "substances or compounds that are added to a system in order to bring about a chemical reaction or are added to see if a reaction occurs." [1] Some reagents are just a single element. However, most processes require reagents made of chemical compounds. Some of the most common ones used widely for specific reactive functions are ...
α-hydroxy ketones give positive Tollens' and Fehling's test. Some acyloins rearrange with positions swapped under the influence of base in the Lobry–de Bruyn–van Ekenstein transformation; A similar reaction is the so-called Voigt amination [6] where an acyloin reacts with a primary amine and phosphorus pentoxide to an α-keto amine: [7]
This solution is used to detect ketones and aldehydes. A positive test is signalled by the formation of a yellow, orange or red precipitate of the dinitrophenylhydrazone. Aromatic carbonyls give red precipitates whereas aliphatic carbonyls give more yellow color. [2] The reaction between DNPH and a generic ketone to form a hydrazone is shown below: