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Weld mapping is the process of assigning information to a weld repair or joint to enable easy identification of weld processes, production (welders, their qualifications, date welded), quality (visual inspection, NDT, standards and specifications) and traceability (tracking weld joints and welded castings, the origin of weld materials).
Engineering Critical Assessment (ECA) is a procedure by which the safety of a welded structure with defects or flaws can be determined. ECAs utilize the material properties and expected stress history to determine a flaw acceptance criteria which will ensure that welds will not fail during the construction or service life of the welded structure. [1]
Current inspection techniques are limited to finding air bubbles on the surface of the weld (optical and scanning electron microscopy). Destructive testing is usually required to find volumetric flaws. A 840-nm SD-OCT system with a broad band laser was used to scan the laser weld between the two samples.
The weld structure can be examined by optical microscopy [3] [4] [5] and scanning electron microscopy. [ 6 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 3 ] The computer finite element method (FEM) is used to predict the shape of the flash and interface and others, not only for rotary friction welding (RFW), [ 7 ] but also for friction stir welding (FSW), [ 8 ] [ 9 ] linear ...
The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) similarly defines a WPS as a written document that provides direction to the welder or welding operator for making production welds in accordance with Code requirements. [2] ASME also defines welding PQR as a record of variables recorded during the welding of the test coupon. The record also ...
Heating practices for pipe and tube AWS D10.11: Root pass welding for pipe AWS D10.12: Pipe welding (mild steel) AWS D10.13: Tube brazing (copper) AWS D10.18: Pipe welding (stainless steel) AWS D11.2: Welding (cast iron) AWS D14.1: Industrial mill crane welding AWS D14.3: Earthmoving & agricultural equipment welding AWS D14.4: Machinery joint ...
For example, the factor of welding position influences weld quality, that welding codes & specifications may require testing—both welding procedures and welders—using specified welding positions: 1G (flat), 2G (horizontal), 3G (vertical), 4G (overhead), 5G (horizontal fixed pipe), or 6G (inclined fixed pipe). To test the quality of a weld ...
This is a list of welding processes, separated into their respective categories. The associated N reference numbers (second column) are specified in ISO 4063 (in the European Union published as EN ISO 4063 ). [ 1 ]