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Not all examples of mutualism are also examples of cooperation. Specifically, in by-product mutualism, both participants benefit, but cooperation is not involved. For example, when an elephant defecates, this is beneficial to the elephant as a way to empty waste, and it is also beneficial to a dung beetle that uses the elephant's dung.
Gasoline was once a byproduct of oil refining that later became a desirable commodity as motor fuel. The plastic used in plastic shopping bags also started as a by-product of oil refining. [1] By-products are sometimes called co-products to indicate that although they are secondary, they are desired products. For example, hides and leather may ...
The concept of "reciprocal altruism", as introduced by Trivers, suggests that altruism, defined as an act of helping another individual while incurring some cost for this act, could have evolved since it might be beneficial to incur this cost if there is a chance of being in a reverse situation where the individual who was helped before may perform an altruistic act towards the individual who ...
Past studies show that microplastics — extremely small pieces of plastic that are either manufactured or a byproduct of ... research to understand the relationship between microplastics and ...
The operative capital in each field is the set of resources which can be used to obtain an advantage within it. Therefore, capital is a factor of the field dynamics, as well as a byproduct of the field which doesn't exist outside of it. Different species of capital perform in different fields, which in turn are defined by the power balances ...
A notable example is the European environmental research and innovation policy, based on the Europe 2020 strategy which will run from 2014 to 2020, [33] a multidisciplinary effort to provide safe, economically feasible, environmentally sound and socially acceptable solutions along the entire value chain of human activities.
Stephen Jay Gould and Richard Lewontin used the architectural term spandrel (the triangular gap at the corner of an arch) to describe a byproduct of evolution. Basilica di San Marco , Venice . In evolutionary biology , a spandrel is a phenotypic trait that is a byproduct of the evolution of some other characteristic, rather than a direct ...
Your healthcare provider may take a hair sample to send to a lab. Some dermatologists use the Norwood scale , a classification system that measures the extent of male pattern baldness.