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Gasoline was once a byproduct of oil refining that later became a desirable commodity as motor fuel. The plastic used in plastic shopping bags also started as a by-product of oil refining. [1] By-products are sometimes called co-products to indicate that although they are secondary, they are desired products. For example, hides and leather may ...
Side reactions are also described in the reaction kinetics, a branch of physical chemistry. Side reactions are understood as complex reaction , since the overall reaction (main reaction + side reaction) is composed of several (at least two) elementary reactions . [ 9 ]
The conversion of ethanol to ethylene is a fundamental example: [3] [4] CH 3 CH 2 OH → H 2 C=CH 2 + H 2 O. The reaction is accelerated by acid catalysts such as sulfuric acid and certain zeolites. These reactions often proceed via carbocation intermediates as shown for the dehydration of cyclohexanol. [5] Some alcohols are prone to dehydration.
The chemical equations below summarize the fermentation of sucrose (C 12 H 22 O 11) into ethanol (C 2 H 5 OH). Alcoholic fermentation converts one mole of glucose into two moles of ethanol and two moles of carbon dioxide, producing two moles of ATP in the process. C 6 H 12 O 6 + 2 ADP + 2 P i → 2 C 2 H 5 OH + 2 CO 2 + 2 ATP
In organic chemistry, syn-and anti-addition are different ways in which substituent molecules can be added to an alkene (R 2 C=CR 2) or alkyne (RC≡CR).The concepts of syn and anti addition are used to characterize the different reactions of organic chemistry by reflecting the stereochemistry of the products in a reaction.
Much of chemistry research is focused on the synthesis and characterization of beneficial products, as well as the detection and removal of undesirable products. Synthetic chemists can be subdivided into research chemists who design new chemicals and pioneer new methods for synthesizing chemicals, as well as process chemists who scale up chemical production and make it safer, more ...
Describing the quantitative relationships among substances as they participate in chemical reactions is known as reaction stoichiometry. In the example above, reaction stoichiometry measures the relationship between the quantities of methane and oxygen that react to form carbon dioxide and water.
The mechanism of the Stille reaction has been extensively studied. [11] [23] The catalytic cycle involves an oxidative addition of a halide or pseudohalide (2) to a palladium catalyst (1), transmetalation of 3 with an organotin reagent (4), and reductive elimination of 5 to yield the coupled product (7) and the regenerated palladium catalyst (1).