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  2. Alkaline precipitation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaline_precipitation

    Alkaline precipitation occurs due to natural and anthropogenic causes. It happens when minerals, such as calcium, aluminum, or magnesium combine with other minerals to form alkaline residues that are emitted into the atmosphere, absorbed by water droplets in clouds, and eventually fall as rain.

  3. Spent potlining - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spent_potlining

    Primary aluminium smelting is the process of extracting aluminium from aluminium oxide (also known as alumina). The process takes place in electrolytic cells that are known as pots. The pots are made up of steel shells with two linings, an outer insulating or refractory lining and an inner carbon lining that acts as the cathode of the ...

  4. Acid rain - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_rain

    Acid rain can have harmful effects on plants, aquatic animals, and infrastructure. Acid rain is caused by emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide, which react with the water molecules in the atmosphere to produce acids. Acid rain has been shown to have adverse impacts on forests, freshwaters, soils, microbes, insects and aquatic life ...

  5. Soil acidification - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_acidification

    Soil acidification is the buildup of hydrogen cations, which reduces the soil pH. Chemically, this happens when a proton donor gets added to the soil. The donor can be an acid, such as nitric acid, sulfuric acid, or carbonic acid. It can also be a compound such as aluminium sulfate, which reacts in the soil to

  6. Aluminum cycle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminum_cycle

    Aluminum enters the biosphere through water and food as soluble aluminum, Al 3+ or AlF 2+. It is then cycled through the food chain. [1] Aluminum has a low abundance in the biosphere but can be found in all organisms. [1] Humans, animals, and plants accumulate aluminum throughout their lives as it cycled throughout the food chain.

  7. Aluminium - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium

    Acidic precipitation is the main natural factor to mobilize aluminium from natural sources [180] and the main reason for the environmental effects of aluminium; [207] however, the main factor of presence of aluminium in salt and freshwater are the industrial processes that also release aluminium into air. [180] In water, aluminium acts as a ...

  8. Alkali soil - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali_soil

    Water with excess H 3 O + ions is called acid (pH < 7), and water with excess OH – ions is called alkaline or rather basic (pH > 7). Soil moisture with pH < 4 is called very acid and with pH > 10 very alkaline (basic). H 2 CO 3 (carbonic acid) is unstable and produces H 2 O (water) and CO 2 (carbon dioxide gas, escaping into the

  9. Liming (soil) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liming_(soil)

    Most acid soils are saturated with aluminum rather than hydrogen ions. Soil acidity generally results from hydrolysis of aluminum. [4] This concept of "corrected lime potential" [5] to define the degree of base saturation in soils became the basis for procedures now used in soil testing laboratories to determine the "lime requirement" of soils. [6]