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Due to the elusive nature of involuntary recurrent memories, very little is known about the subjective experience of flashbacks. However, theorists agree that this phenomenon is in part due to the manner in which memories of specific events are initially encoded (or entered) into memory, the way in which the memory is organized, and also the way in which the individual later recalls the event. [5]
These intrusions, often termed "flashbacks", make the victim feel as though they are reliving the trauma, and cause high levels of emotional arousal, and the sense of an impending threat. Typically, they are parts of the traumatic event that were most salient at the time, known as "hotspots" and have the definitive feature that they cause high ...
Prior to the development of DRT, existing theories of PTSD fell into two camps: social-cognitive theories and information-processing theories. [1] Social-cognitive theories (e.g. Horowitz's stress-response theory, [4] Janoff-Bulman's shattered assumptions theory) focused on the affected individual's assumptions about the world and the emotional and cognitive impact of the trauma on these ...
For example, anterograde amnesia, from damage of the medial temporal lobe, is an impairment of declarative memory that affects both episodic and semantic memory operations. [16] Originally, Tulving proposed that episodic and semantic memory were separate systems that competed with each other in retrieval.
For example, if a traumatic memory were erased, a person might still remember related events in their lives, such as their emotional reactions to later experiences. Without the original memory to give them context, these remembered events might prompt the subjects to see themselves as emotional or irrational people. [ 36 ]
Emotional events tend to be recalled with more frequency and clarity than memories not associated with extreme emotions. [38] Typically traumatic events, such as physical attack or sexual abuse , are interrelated with strong negative emotions, causing these memories to be very strong and more easily recalled than memories not associated with ...
An emotional expression is a behavior that communicates an emotional state or attitude. It can be verbal or nonverbal , and can occur with or without self-awareness . Emotional expressions include facial movements like smiling or scowling , simple behaviors like crying , laughing , or saying " thank you ," and more complex behaviors like ...
Post traumatic stress disorder: Post-traumatic stress disorder is a disorder which is associated with frequently being disturbed by flashback memories and being haunted by feelings of fear and horror in the past. This contributes to the alteration of mood that occurs after a traumatic event happens, such as depression, outbursts of anger, self ...