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The origins of serfdom in Russia may be traced to the 12th century, when the exploitation of the so-called zakups on arable lands (ролейные (пашенные) закупы, roleyniye (pashenniye) zakupy) and corvée smerds (Russian term for corvée is барщина, barschina) was the closest to what is now known as serfdom.
The code consolidated Russia's slaves and free peasants into a new serf class and pronounced class hereditary as unchangeable (see Russian serfdom). The new code prohibited travel between towns without an internal passport. The Russian nobility agreed to serve in the army, but were granted the exclusive privilege of owning serfs.
In the Austrian Empire, serfdom was abolished by the 1781 Serfdom Patent; corvées continued to exist until 1848. Serfdom was abolished in Russia in 1861. [3] Prussia declared serfdom unacceptable in its General State Laws for the Prussian States in 1792 and finally abolished it in October 1807, in the wake of the Prussian Reform Movement. [4]
Forbidden Years (Archaic Russian: заповѣдныя лѣта) were part of a tightening of the service obligations of serfs in Russia leading to full-scale serfdom in the seventeenth through nineteenth centuries.
The End of Serfdom: Nobility and Bureaucracy in Russia, 1855-1861 (1976) McCaffray, Susan P. "Confronting Serfdom in the Age of Revolution: Projects for Serf Reform in the Time of Alexander I", Russian Review (2005) 64#1 pp 1–21 online; Moon, David. The Abolition of Serfdom in Russia: 1762-1907 (2001). links
According to the Russian census of 1857, Russia had 23.1 million private serfs. [5] Russian serfdom was perhaps the most notable Eastern European institution, as it was never influenced by German law and migrations, [citation needed] and serfdom and the manorial system were enforced by the crown , not by the nobility. [citation needed]
The serfdom that had developed in Russia in the 16th century, and had become enshrined in law in 1649, was abolished in 1861. [ 208 ] [ 209 ] Household servants or dependents attached to personal service were merely set free, while the landed peasants received their houses and orchards, and allotments of arable land.
The Bezdna peasant revolt, also known as the Bezdna unrest (Russian: Бездненские волнения) was an uprising organised by former serfs after the 1861 Russian Emancipation Reform. The event took place in the Spassky Uyezd of Kazan Governorate , specifically in a village of Bezdna ( Russian : Бездна, Biznä Tatar Cyrillic ...