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The choice of whether to use a Sino-Korean noun or a native Korean word is a delicate one, with the Sino-Korean alternative often sounding more profound or refined. It is in much the same way that Latin- or French-derived words in English are used in higher-level vocabulary sets (e.g. the sciences), thus sounding more refined – for example ...
Pan-Korean romanized words are largely in Revised Romanization, and North Korean-specific romanized words are largely in McCune-Reischauer. Also, for the sake of consistency, this article also phonetically transcribes ㅓ as /ʌ/ for pan-Korean and South-specific phonology, and as /ɔ/ for North-specific phonology.
Some words experience tensification of initial plain consonants, in both native and Sino-Korean words. It is proscribed in normative Standard Korean, but may be widespread or occur in free variation in certain words. [36] Examples: 가시 /kasi/ "1) thorn; 2) worm" is pronounced 까시 /k͈asi/
The lemma or citation form of a Korean verb is the form that ends in ta 다 da without a tense-aspect marker. For verbs, this form was used as an imperfect declarative form in Middle Korean, [3] but is no longer used in Modern Korean. [4] For adjectives, this form is the non-past declarative form.
The speech of Jeju Island is not mutually intelligible with standard Korean, suggesting that it should be treated as a separate language. [33] Standard 15th-century texts include a back central unrounded vowel /ʌ/ (written with the Hangul letter ㆍ ), which has merged with other vowels in mainland dialects but is retained as a distinct vowel in Jeju. [34]
Each Korean speech level can be combined with honorific or non-honorific noun and verb forms. Taken together, there are 14 combinations. Some of these speech levels are disappearing from the majority of Korean speech. Hasoseo-che is now used mainly in movies or dramas set in the Joseon era and in religious speech. [1]
This affected the morphology of the language, and Korean phonology described it in terms of yin and yang: If a root word had yang ('bright') vowels, then most suffixes attached to it also had to have yang vowels; conversely, if the root had yin ('dark') vowels, the suffixes had to be yin as well.
Hangeul matchumbeop (한글 맞춤법) refers to the overall rules of writing the Korean language with Hangul. The current orthography was issued and established by Korean Ministry of Culture in 1998. The first of it is Hunminjungeum (훈민정음). In everyday conversation, 한글 맞춤법 is referred to as 맞춤법.