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Hybrid models are a combination of peer-to-peer and client–server models. [40] A common hybrid model is to have a central server that helps peers find each other. Spotify was an example of a hybrid model [until 2014].
It describes a model of socio-economic production in which large numbers of people work cooperatively; usually over the Internet. Commons-based projects generally have less rigid hierarchical structures than those under more traditional business models. One of the major characteristics of the commons-based peer production is its non-profit scope.
The model allows transparent communication through equivalent exchange of protocol data units (PDUs) between two parties, through what is known as peer-to-peer networking (also known as peer-to-peer communication). As a result, the OSI reference model has not only become an important piece among professionals and non-professionals alike, but ...
Peer production is also expanding beyond knowledge production, in the realm of manufacturing. [8] For example, there are now several types of open-source solar-powered 3-D printers, [9] which can be used for production in off grid locations [10] and other forms of open source appropriate technology like the use of biomaterials.
An example of such a peer-to-peer software program is BitTorrent. Peer-to-peer file sharing is different from the client–server model, where content is directly distributed from its server to a client. To make peer-to-peer file sharing function effectively, content is divided into parts of 256 kilobytes (KB). This segmented downloading makes ...
Calculate the current value of the future company value by multiplying the future business value with the discount factor. This is known as the time value of money. Example: VirusControl multiplies their future company value with the discount factor: 44,300,000 * 0.1316 = 5,829,880 The company or equity value of VirusControl: €5.83 million
The rationale for P2P asset management is financial disintermediation.When multiple intermediaries participate in an investment management transaction, there is the potential for a conflict of interest between providers and buyers of the service, in a well documented sequence described in economic theory as the principal–agent problem.
Short Message Peer-to-Peer (SMPP) in the telecommunications industry is an open, industry standard protocol designed to provide a flexible data communication interface for the transfer of short message [1] data between External Short Messaging Entities (ESMEs), Routing Entities (REs) and SMSC.